The effects of high rearing density on the potential for domestication selection in hatchery culture of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
نویسندگان
چکیده
Hatchery-reared steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) often have lower fitness than natural-origin fishwhen spawning in the wild. Fitness loss in hatcheries is partly due to genetic adaptation to captivity (domestication), but the underlying selection pressures driving adaptation remain unknown. Circumstantial evidence suggests that adaptation to hatcheries is accelerated when fish are reared at high density. We hypothesized two mechanisms by which high rearing densities could accelerate adaptation to the hatchery. First, high density could increase the among-family component of variation in fork length, which could increase the opportunity for selection after release. Second, a growth trade-off in fork length among families could occur across densities (family-by-environment interaction).We raised the same set of families, in replicate, at each of two densities.We found main effects of density (high density reduced body size) and family (accounted for 33%–53% of variance in size at release) on juvenile fork length. However, high density did not increase the percentage of variance in fork length among families, and there was weak evidence for a family-by-environment interaction. We propose an alternate model of how increased density might exacerbate domestication selection. The relationship between size at release and probability of survival is strongly nonlinear (almost truncational) for steelhead. Because high density decreases the fork lengths of all families approximately equally, high density could simply reduce the number of families that are above a threshold for high survival, resulting in strong among-family selection after release from the hatchery. Résumé : Les truites arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss) élevées en écloserie présentent souvent une moins bonne aptitude que leurs congénères provenant de milieux naturels quand elles frayent à l’état sauvage. Si la diminution de l’aptitude en écloserie est due en partie à une adaptation génétique à la captivité (domestication), les pressions de sélection sous-jacentes à cette adaptation demeurent inconnues. Des preuves circonstancielles donnent à penser que l’adaptation aux écloseries est accélérée quand les poissons sont élevés dans des conditions de forte densité. Nous examinons deuxmécanismes qui pourraient expliquer comment de fortes densités durant l’élevage pourraient accélérer l’adaptation au milieu d’écloserie. Premièrement, une forte densité pourrait accroître la composante de la variation de la longueur à la fourche parmi les familles, ce qui pourrait accroître la possibilité de sélection après le lâcher. Deuxièmement, un compromis sur le plan de la croissance exprimé par la longueur à la fourche parmi les familles pourrait se produire à différentes densités (interaction famille-milieu). Nous avons élevé lemême ensemble de familles, en double, à deux densités différentes. Nous avons constaté d’importants effets de la densité (une densité élevée réduisait la taille du corps) et de la famille (qui explique de 33 % à 53 % de la variance de la taille au moment du lâcher) sur la longueur à la fourche des juvéniles. Cependant, une densité élevée ne se traduisait pas par une augmentation du pourcentage de variance de la longueur à la fourche parmi les familles, et les indices d’une interaction famille-milieu étaient faibles. Nous proposons un autre modèle pour expliquer comment une densité élevée pourrait exacerber la sélection par domestication. Le lien entre la taille au lâcher et la probabilité de survie est fortement non linéaire (presque tronqué) pour la truite arc-en-ciel anadrome. Étant donné qu’une densité élevée réduit à peu près également les longueurs à la fourche de toutes les familles, une forte densité pourrait simplement réduire le nombre de familles qui dépassent le seuil requis pour une survie élevée, ce qui se traduirait par une forte sélection parmi les familles après le lâcher de l’écloserie. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
Can interbreeding of wild and artificially propagated animals be prevented by using broodstock selected for a divergent life history?
TWO STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO AVOID NEGATIVE GENETIC EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIALLY PROPAGATED INDIVIDUALS ON WILD POPULATIONS: (i) integration of wild and captive populations to minimize domestication selection and (ii) segregation of released individuals from the wild population to minimize interbreeding. We tested the efficacy of the strategy of segregation by divergent life history in a ste...
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